Which Blood Markers were Studied?
The authors examined 12 routine blood markers. These included glucose and total cholesterol for metabolic status, creatinine for kidney function, liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase), albumin for nutritional status, and iron plus total iron-binding capacity for anemia and iron handling. Uric acid was also measured, sometimes used as a marker associated with inflammation. This panel will feel familiar to anyone who has seen standard lab tests.
In the first version of the paper, the summary suggested that higher total cholesterol increased the odds of reaching 100. The authors later clarified: “Low cholesterol was associated with a reduced likelihood of reaching the age of 100,” while noting that “having high cholesterol neither increases nor decreases the probability of living to 100 years of age.”
The corrected guidance is more balanced, and it matches the figure that used the middle quintile as the reference. Their final message is specific. Belonging to the lowest quintiles of total cholesterol or iron was linked with lower odds of becoming a centenarian. Belonging to the highest quintiles of glucose, uric acid, GGT, ALP, LD, and TIBC was also linked with lower odds. For creatinine, the top two quintiles showed lower odds. For aspartate aminotransferase, both the highest and lowest quintiles showed lower odds. That U-shaped pattern can appear when both deficiency and excess carry risks. This nuance matters in clinic conversations. Pushing numbers to extremes can backfire. Health often lives in the middle. Your clinician reads lab values in context, including age, medications, diet, and current diseases. However, this population view still offers helpful direction for prevention.
More About Glucose
Glucose reflects how your body manages sugar. In this study, people with glucose values in the highest ranges had lower odds of reaching 100. That finding fits decades of research linking chronic hyperglycemia to vascular and nerve damage. It also aligns with diabetes care targets. The American Diabetes Association lists fasting plasma glucose under 100 mg/dL as normal. It defines 100 to 125 mg/dL as prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or higher as diabetes. The study did not diagnose diabetes in a clinical way across the full cohort. It instead grouped people by quintiles of measured glucose and then estimated the odds of becoming a centenarian. Sustained high glucose tends to be associated with a higher disease risk. Therefore, aiming for healthy ranges makes sense for long-term health.
For people with diabetes, targets for premeal and after meal levels are set to reduce complications. For people without diabetes, routine screening helps catch rising values early. Talk with your clinician about your own results and context. Medications, acute illness, and meals can shift numbers in either direction. A single reading can never reveal all there is to know. However, if several readings trend high, then taking action is usually wise. Diet quality, physical activity, sleep, and stress support better control. Many small steps can add up when you keep them going. The study’s result does not say that extremely low glucose is a goal. Very low levels can be dangerous. It says that the highest quintile carried lower odds of reaching 100. Staying away from chronic hyperglycemia seems sensible, and that advice matches current standards of care.
Clues in the Liver and Kidneys
Creatinine is a waste product from muscles. Healthy kidneys filter it into the urine. When creatinine rises in the blood, it often signals reduced kidney function. In the Swedish analysis, people in the top two creatinine quintiles had lower odds of reaching 100. That fits the broader link between kidney health and survival. Mild reductions in kidney filtration can appear with age, dehydration, or medications. Persistent elevations deserve evaluation, since they may reflect chronic kidney disease. On the liver side, higher quintiles of enzymes like gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase were tied to lower odds of exceptional longevity. These enzymes can rise with liver or bile duct problems, alcohol use, certain medications, or other conditions.
Doctors read these markers together, not in isolation. The study also noted a U-shaped link for aspartate aminotransferase. Both very high and very low values are related to lower odds. That pattern tells us extremes can be risky for different reasons. Very low values can track with frailty or poor nutrition in some settings. Very high values can reflect injury. The paper did not claim exact cutoffs for clinical decisions. It compared relative positions within the cohort. Yet it makes common sense. Kidneys and liver support many systems. Therefore, sustained signs of strain in those organs would not help a person reach advanced ages. If a recent panel shows changes, ask your clinician about repeat testing, medication review, alcohol intake, and imaging when appropriate. Small improvements in habits can move enzymes toward calmer ranges over time.
Uric Acid and Inflammation
Uric acid forms when the body breaks down purines. High levels can crystallize in joints and cause gout. They can also relate to kidney stones and kidney strain. In the Swedish results, a clear dose-response appeared. The lowest uric acid quintile had almost twice the chance of reaching 100 compared with the highest quintile. The authors also wrote that this difference “might point towards inflammation” influencing who reaches 100. That is a gentle hypothesis, not a definitive claim. Uric acid links to oxidative stress and metabolic disease, so lower values may signal a calmer internal environment. Still, there are caveats. Some people have high uric acid without gout or stones. Some drugs and diets can shift values up or down.
Therefore, your doctor will look at symptoms, kidney function, and medications before suggesting changes. If you have gout or stones, lowering uric acid is standard care. If you do not, the best steps are usually broad. Manage weight, limit alcohol, reduce sugar-sweetened drinks, and stay hydrated. These choices help uric acid and glucose together. The study also examined C-reactive protein in a subset. Low CRP linked with higher odds of reaching 100 in sensitivity analyses. That fits a large literature where lower chronic inflammation aligns with better outcomes in aging. However, CRP was not available for everyone, so we cannot lean too hard on that result here. Basically, markers tied to inflammatory processes seem calmer in those who eventually reach 100.
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